Functional Group and its importance

Functional Group:

Defination:

An atom or group of atom in a molecule that is responsable for its specific chemical properties.

Example: For example in Alcohol (R-OH) Hydroxyl (OH) is functional group.

Importance:

Functional groups are very important in organic chemistry.

1. Functional group is a site of reaction.

2. It is base for nomenclature.

3. It is base for classification.

polyfunctional:

Compound containig more then one functional group is called polyfunctional.For Example:

CH2=CH-OH (Vinyl alcohol)

This compound contain 2 functional groups one alcohol and second alkene.

Alkane :It contain C-C and C-H singal bond.

Examples:

Methane   CH4 

Ethane      CH3-CH3

Alkene: It is type of hydrocarbon thatcontain carbon carbon double bond (C=C). 

Examples:

Ethene   CH2=CH2

Propene CH3-CH=CH2

Alkyne: It is type of hydrocarbon that contain carbon carbon Triple bond.

Examples:

Ethyne    H-C≡C-H

Propyne CH3-C≡C-H

Alkyl Halide: In alkyl halide hydrogen of alkane is replaced by halogen (F,Cl,Br,I).

Examples:

CH4 =Methane 

CH3- =Methyl 

CH3-Cl Mehyl Chloride or Chloromethane.

Alcohol:(R-OH):

In alcohol hydrogen of alkane is replaced by hydroxyl OH group.

Examples:

CH3-OH Methyl Alcohol or Methanol

C2H5-OH  Ethyl alcohol or Ethanol

Carobonyl componds: (  ---C==O  )                                                                     |

i.Aldehyde: It has Hydrogen on one side of carbonyl group.

Examples: 

H--C==O                                                                          !                   Fomldehyde   (Methanal)               H                                                                                                                                                                  CH3--C==O                                                                          !            Acetaldehyde   (ethanal)                      H

ii.Ketone: 

It has Carbon on both side of carbonyl group

Examples:

CH3--C==O                                                                         !                                                                                CH3    Acetone(propanone)

Carboxylic acid:(R-COOH)

It contain carboxylic group ( -COOH)

Examples:

HCOOH Formic acid or methanoic acid

CH₃COOH, Ethanoic acid acetic acid

CH₃CH₂COOH, Propanoic acid

           

Ligand and Its types

 Ligand : 

ligand is atom or group of atom Which can donate electron pair .

Or species which can donate lone pair.

Types of ligand:

It has following types.

Monodentate ligand :

It is type of ligand which can donate one electron pair.

Example:Cl -, I- ,OH - ,NH3, CO

Bidentate ligand :

It is type of ligand which can donate two electron pairs.

Example:NH2NH2,sSulphate ion carbonate ion

Tridentate ligand :

It is type of ligand which can donate Three electron pairs..

Example:Diethylene triamine

Hexadentate ligand :

It is type of ligand which can donate six electron pairs.

Example:Ethylene diaminetetra acetate(EDTA).

Differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

 Nuclear Fission:

1- Heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei of comparable atomic masses

2- nuclei of heavy elements undergo fission

3- The reaction initiates at normal temperature

4- The fission process liberates about 200 MeV energy

5- Fast neutrons are also released

6- Fuel is either solid or liquid .

Nuclear fusion:

1- lighter nuclei fuse to form heavy nuclei.

2- nuclei of light elements are in involved in       the process of fusion.

3- Fusion initiates at 10^8 K.

4- The energy released in 24 MeV.

5- nature of the ejected particles depends uopn the type of thermonuclear reaction.

6- Fuel is in plasma state.

Rules for Nomenclature and Alkynes:

 ALKYNES:

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. 

They can be represented by the general formula CnH2n-2. 

The first and most important member of this series is acetylene and hence these are generally called acetylenes. 

The carbon-carbon triple bond is therefore called acetylenic bond.

Rules for Nomenclature and Alkynes: ( IUPAC)

   Following are the some rules 

1. Select  longest continuous chain of carbon          atom containing triple bond.

2. Name of compound must end on yne .

      E.g ethyne propyne etc

3.Give triple bond  least possible number.

4.Substiutnt name is always written before              parent name.

5.Position of triple bond must be mentioned.

6.Position of substituent must be mentioned         before name

7.If more then one similar type of substituents are present we will use the term di For 2 Tri for 3

 Tetra  for 4

8.If different type of substituents are present we  will follow alphabatical order .

9.If more then one triple bonds are present we will use the term diyne for 2triple bonds and triyne for 3 triple bonds.

Examples:

H-C≡C-H                Ethyne 

H–C≡C-CH3          Propyne

CH3-CH2-CH2-C≡C-CH3  2-Hexyne

H-C≡C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 1-Heptyne

H-C≡C-C≡C-H 1,3-Butadiyne

Rules for Nomenclature and Alkenes: ( IUPAC)

 ALKENES:

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain a carbon-carbon double bond. 

They can be represented by the general formula CnH2n. 

Why alkenes are called olefins?

They are also known as 'olefins', derived from Latin word 'oleum' meaning 'oil' and 'ficare' meaning 'to form', because their lower members form oily layer on treatment with chlorine and bromine.

Rules for Nomenclature and Alkenes: ( IUPAC)

Following are the some rules 

1. Select  longest continuous chain of carbon          atom as a parent chain containing double bond.

2. Name of compound must end on ene .

      E.g ethene propene etc

3.Give double bond  least possible number.

4.Substiutnt name is always written before              parent name.

5.Position of double bond must be mentioned.

6.Position of substituent must be mentioned         before name

7.If more then one similar type of substituents are present we will use the term di For 2 Tri for 3

 Tetra  for 4

8.If different type of substituents are present          we  will follow alphabatical order .

9.If more then one double bonds are present we will use the term diene for 2 double bonds and triene for 3 double bonds

Examples      

            1      2      3      4     5     6                                         CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3  2- Hexene

                 CH3                                                                               |                                                                    CH3-CH=C-CH-CH2-CH3 

          3-Methyl-2-Hexene

 1      2      3      4     5     6

CH3-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH3  2,4-Hexadiene

Rules of Nomenclature and Alkanes

  

Hydrocarbon:

It is type of saturated hydrocarbon containing carbon -carbon single bond .

ALKANES:

Alkanes are open chain saturated hydrocarbons containing single bond. 

which can be represented by the general formula CnH2n+2 (where'n'is the number of carbon atoms),

while cyclo alkanes are cyclic saturated hydrocarbons represented by the general formula CnH2n . 

It is to be noted from the general formula of cycloalkanes, that there are two hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkanes. 

In cycloalkanes, two carbon atoms of the molecule utilize one of their valency in forming bonds with other carbon atoms for formation of cyclic ring.

Following are the some rules 

Rules for Nomenclature and Alkanes: ( IUPAC)

Following are the some rules 

1. Select  longest continuous chain of carbon          atom as a parent chain.

2. Name of compound must end on ane .

E.g methane ethane propane etc

3.Give substituent least possible number.

4.Substiutnt name is always written before              parent name.

5.Position of substituent must be mentioned.

 6.If more then one similar type of substituents are present we will use the term di For 2 Tri for 3

Tetra  for 4

7.If different type of substituents are present we will follow alphabatical order .

Examples:

                   CH3                                                                               |                                                              CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3  3-Methyl hexane

                                 CH3  CH3                                                                   |     |                                                                CH3-CH-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 

          2,3-Dimethyl hexane

CHELATING LIGANDS

 CHELATING LIGANDS:

"The bonding of a polypeptide ligand to a metal ion through more than one site is called chelating ligand."

These ligands produce a ring like structure called chelate. 

The polydentate ligand is called a chelating agent, 

The process of chelate formation is known as chelation and the compounds formed are called as chelate compounds. 

Chelation increases the stability of complex. For example, ethylene diamine acts as a bidentate chelating ligand.